Additional file 3: of CRAMP deficiency leads to a pro-inflammatory phenotype and impaired phagocytosis after exposure to bacterial meningitis pathogens

Proliferation and apoptosis induction after bacterial stimulation in CRAMP-WT or CRAMP-KO microglial cells. Microglial cells from CRAMP-knockout (KO) or wild-type (WT) mice were incubated with bacterial supernatants of Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) or Gram-negative bacterium Neisseria meningitidis (NM) and bacterial cell wall components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or peptidoglycan (PGN) for 24 h. After incubation, glial cells were fixed and immunolabeled using the proliferation marker Ki67 (red), TUNEL reaction mixture for apoptosis and DAPI for nuclear counterstaining (blue). (A) Representative results from one of three independent experiments. (B) Ki67 proliferation index was calculated by the number of positive cells expressing Ki67 divided by the total number of cells in each field. These results were calculated for at least 20 separate cells. Scale bar = 20 μm. (TIFF 6059 kb)