Tris(2,2-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) chemiluminescence in a microflow injection system for codeine determination

Abstract A chemiluminescence (CL) micro-total analytical system is described for the analysis of codeine. The reaction involves the reduction of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium (III), (Ru(bipy) 3 3+ ) to tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II), (Ru(bipy) 3 2+ ) with the emission of light. Reagents were moved around an etched glass chip with 200 μm channel using electroosmotic flow (EOF). The reaction emission was enhanced by the addition of the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-45 to the system and this surfactant was also shown to modify the electroosmotic flow. A linear calibration was obtained for the system over three-orders of magnitude with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999 and the limit of detection at 95% confidence was 8.3 × 10 −7  mol l −1 .