Rapid Prototyping Airway and Vascular Models from 3D Rotational Angiography: Beans to Cup 3D Printing

Abstract Introduction The application of three-dimensional printed models (3DPM) to facilitate the understanding of complex anatomy is continuously evolving. The use of newer imaging modalities like three-dimensional rotational angiograms (3DRA) as source data to create 3DPM has been scarcely reported; however, this feasibility has highlighted another imaging modality useful for creating accurate anatomical replicas that facilitate evaluation before complex procedures. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of 61 patients who had 3DPM produced from a 3DRA after cardiac catheterization at Children's Hospital Colorado between January 2018 and December 2019. Quantitative validation was performed to accurately determine these models' ability to replicate airway and vascular structures and their relationships. Results Radiation and contrast doses were not altered when a 3DRA was performed during the procedure to create a 3DPM. When the measurements were compared to validate the models' accuracy in comparison with 3DRA images, a mean difference of less than 0.1mm was found when assessing vascular and airway diameters. Standard 3DRA protocols were followed in all cases with no additional angiograms, fluoroscopy, contrast doses, or procedural changes made to facilitate the production of a 3DPM. Conclusion 3DPM can be routinely printed from 3DRA, allowing the evaluation of vascular and airway structures and their relationships without any changes to standard 3DRA or procedural protocols.