AIRE expression controls the peripheral selection of autoreactive B cells

Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) mutations result in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) syndrome characterized by defective central T cell tolerance and the production of many autoantibodies targeting tissue-specific antigens and cytokines. By studying CD3- and AIRE-deficient patients, we found that lack of either T cells or AIRE function resulted in the peripheral accumulation of autoreactive mature naive B cells. Proteomic arrays and Biacore affinity measurements revealed that unmutated antibodies expressed by these autoreactive naive B cells recognized soluble molecules and cytokines including insulin, IL-17A, and IL-17F, which are AIRE-dependent thymic peripheral tissue antigens targeted by autoimmune responses in APECED. AIRE-deficient patients also displayed decreased frequencies of regulatory T cells (T regs ) that lacked common TCRβ clones found instead in their conventional T cell compartment, thereby suggesting holes in the T reg TCR repertoire of these patients. Hence, AIRE-mediated T cell/T reg selection normally prevents the expansion of autoreactive naive B cells recognizing peripheral self-antigens.