Pharmacological Treatment of Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis

Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) is a chronic disorder characterized by pain perceived in the urinary bladder and urinary symptoms. Currently, there is no consensus about its aetiology, although it may include autoimmune mechanisms, infections, urothelial dysfunctions and mast cell activation. Its management requires a holistic approach with behavioural, physical and pharmacological treatments. Several medications could be used in the management of patients with BPS/IC, including antidepressants, antihistamines and other compounds. Moreover, pharmacological approaches include oral and intravesical therapy. Despite this variety of drugs, only few of them have been studied in clinical randomized controlled trials and at present time none of them have a grade A recommendation. BPS/IC management can be difficult as it requires a tailored approach to the patient with a combination of different therapies to improve outcomes.