A review of the assessment of the effects of protection in MPAs: current knowledge and gaps

1 Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99; E03080. Alicante, Spain 2 Department of Ecology and Hydrology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 – Murcia, Spain 3 UMR 5244 EPHE-CNRS-UPVD Universite de Perpignan, 66860 Perpignan Cedex 4 Grupo de Investigacion BIOECOMAC, Departamento de Biologia Animal (Ciencias Marinas), Universidad de La Laguna, c/Astrofisico Francisco Sanchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands 5 Centro Oceanografico de Baleares, Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Muelle Poniente s/n, Palma de Mallorca, Spain 6 Dipartimento di Biologia Animale. Via archirafi 18 – I 90123. Universita di Palermo. Palermo 7 Fondazione IMC – International Marine Centre – Onlus, Loc. Sa Mardini 09072 Torregrande (Oristano, Italy) 8 Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, PT-9901-862 Horta, Portugal 9 GIS Posidonie, Centre d’Oceanologie de Marseille, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Case 901, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09 (France) 10 Centro Oceanografico de Canarias, Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia. Ctra. San Andres, 45. S/C Tenerife (Spain) 11 Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Italy