Inhibitory activity and mechanism of two scorpion venom peptides against herpes simplex virus type 1

Abstract Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a widespread human pathogen that causes severe diseases, but there are not effective and safe drugs in clinical therapy besides acyclovir (ACV) and related nucleoside analogs. In this study, two new venom peptides from the scorpion Heterometrus petersii were identified with effective inhibitory effect on HSV-1 infection in vitro . Both Hp1036 and Hp1239 peptides exhibited potent virucidal activities against HSV-1 (EC 50  = 0.43 ± 0.09 and 0.41 ± 0.06 μM, respectively) and effective inhibitory effects when added at the viral attachment (EC 50  = 2.87 ± 0.16 and 5.73 ± 0.61 μM, respectively), entry (EC 50  = 4.29 ± 0.35 and 4.32 ± 0.47 μM, respectively) and postentry (EC 50  = 7.86 ± 0.80 and 8.41 ± 0.73 μM, respectively) steps. Both Hp1036 and Hp1239 peptides adopted α-helix structure in approximate membrane environment and resulted in the destruction of the viral morphology. Moreover, Hp1036 and Hp1239 peptides entered Vero cells and reduced the intracellular viral infectivity. Taken together, Hp1036 and Hp1239 peptides are two anti-viral peptides with effective inhibitory effect on multiple steps of HSV-1 life cycle and therefore are good candidate for development as virucides.