X-ray studies of liquid metal surfaces

X-ray reflectivity and diffuse scattering measurements of the surface of liquid Hg, Ga and In are reviewed. For each metal surface induced layering is found. The surface structure of these metals is compared and differences are discussed in relation to bulk structural features such as the degree of covalency. Studies of modified liquid metal surfaces are also presented. The surface oxidation of liquid Ga, In and Hg is compared. Experimental results on surface segregation in Ga–In and Ga–Bi alloys and details of the surface wetting transition in Ga–Bi are also discussed.