A Co-abundant Gene Analysis for Identification of Gut Microbial Strains Associated with Immune Responses to Oral Cholera Vaccine

Background: Oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) are an important tool for reduction of the worldwide cholera burden, but some individuals who receive an OCV do not develop protective immune responses. The gut microbiota is a potential explanation for these differences. Components of the gut microbiota associated with differences in OCV response have not been identified. Results: We used metagenomic sequencing to identify predicted protein-coding genes in the gut microbiota at the time of OCV administration, and then measured immune responses to vaccination. Vaccine recipients were classified as OCV 9responders9 if they developed a post-vaccination increase in memory B cell populations that produce IgA or IgG specific for cholera toxin and the V. cholerae O-specific polysaccharide. We next analyzed microbial genes seen at similar abundances across individual samples and classified these into co-abundant gene groupings (CAGs), and correlated CAGs with OCV responses. Next, to identify specific bacterial strains associated with OCV responses, we mapped CAGs to bacterial genomes and generated a 9priority score9 for each strain detected in the study population. This score reflects both the number of CAGs aligning to a specific bacterial genome and the strength of the association between the CAGs and the vaccine response. This strain-level analysis revealed relationships between the gut microbiota and immune response to OCV that were not detected at the genus or species level. Bacterial strains which produce short-chain fatty acids and those with sphingolipid-containing cell membranes were correlated with more robust immune responses to vaccination. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates a method for translating metagenomic sequencing data into strain-specific results associated with a biological outcome. Using this approach, we identified strains for the study of bacterial-derived molecules or metabolites associated with immune responses; such agents might have potential utility as vaccine adjuvants.