Selenium Assisted Carbonylation with Carbon Monoxide

Selenium reacts with carbon monoxide and amines under mild conditions to give ammonium carbamoselenoates, which were then converted to corresponding ureas by aminolysis upon oxidation with molecular oxygen. Under the controlled conditions, the reaction proceeds with a catalytic amount of selenium, and its turnover number reached ca. 104. Successful applications of this SeKO system include not only the synthetic reactions of a variety of carbamates, carbonates, and sulfur or selenium containing compounds but also metallurgical refinement of selenium and several important industrial processes as exemplified by isocyanate synthesis, water-gas shift reaction, and separation of carbon monoxide. The basis of these reactions is the facile in situ generation of carbonyl selenide, which possesses a potent reactivity toward a variety of nucleophiles. THE DISCOVERY OF SELENIUM CATALYZED CARBONYLATION WITH CARBON M O N O X I D E Water and carbon dioxide are very stable compounds, however, if (one of) the oxygen atom(s) in these molecules is replaced by one of the homologous chalcogen elements, the stabilities of these compounds decrease and their reactivities increase in the same order (Table 1). Hydrogen selenide is stable at ambient temperature like hydrogen sulfide but it is easily oxidized with molecular oxygen. Carbonyl selenide and hydrogen telluride are not stable at ambient temperature and gradually decompose to give elemental selenium or tellurium. Carbonyl telluride has not yet been identified. TABLE 1. Comparison of physical constants of chalcogen elements. X 0 S Se Te electronegativity (Pauling) 3.5 2.5 2.4 2.1 bond energy (Kcal/mol), H-X of H2X 119 91 73 64 bond length (A), H-X 0.96 1.35 1.46 1.69 dissociation constant (pKa) of H2X 14.0 7.0 3.7 2.6 bond energy (Kcal/mol), C-X of Et2X 86.5 69.7 59.9 (c60) abond energy (Kcallmol, calculation value), CH2=X 93 56 bond length (A), C-X 1.42 1.82 1.96 2.12 Carbonyl selenide is an especially attractive compound because it involves a Se-C double bond consisted of a weak 4pa-2px interaction, which facilitates the attack of nucleophiles at the carbon atom of carbonyl selenide (eq. 1). This prompted us to examine the reaction of carbonyl selenide with nucleophiles like