Navigation and Image-Guided Surgery

The application of stereotactic navigation to surgical procedures in which it is difficult or impossible to identify and dissect along anatomical planes is associated with improved oncological and functional outcomes. Additionally, it can help in minimizing the invasiveness of certain procedures. These improvements can be achieved through better recognition of anatomical dissection planes, anatomical landmarks, and the dissection margin to the tumor to optimize these margins and to minimize iatrogenic injury. Advancements in the field of stereotactic navigation have facilitated its application into a wider range of indications including minimally invasive pelvic visceral surgery, especially for cases of locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer, where oncological outcomes without navigation can be suboptimal.