Traditional veterinary medicine in the Near East: Jews, Arab Bedouins and Fellahs

Summary: The authors review traditional veterinary medicine in the Near East region. The ancient Jewish sources - principally the Bible, the Talmud and other, more recent manuscripts - contain ample discussions of veterinary medicine and various aspects of the relations between humans and animals. These include zoonotic diseases, hygiene, intoxications, and various preventive and curative measures, as well as legislation and guidelines for the proper treatment of livestock. Arab shepherds, and particularly the Bedouins, have a long tradition of experience in the diagnosis and treatment of various ailments, predominantly using plant mixtures and fire branding.