Dielectric Properties of Urine for Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease between 0.2 GHz and 50 GHz

This paper investigates the dielectric properties of urine among normal subjects, subjects with diabetes mellitus (DM) and subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) at mi-crowave frequency between 0.2 GHz and 50 GHz. The meas-urements were conducted using open-ended coaxial probe at room temperature (25°C), 30°C and human body temperature (37°C). Statistical significant differences in dielectric proper-ties were observed across temperatures among normal, DM and CKD subjects. Significant differences were reported across subject groups at 25°C, 30°C and 37°C respectively.