Effect of silver addition on the formation and deposition of titania nanoparticles produced by liquid flame spray

In this study, liquid flame spray (LFS) was used to produce titania, silver and silver–titania deposits of nanoparticles. Titanium(IV)ethoxide (TEOT) and silver nitrate in ethanol solutions were used as precursors and sprayed into turbulent hydrogen–oxygen flame. Production rates of 1.5–40 mg/min of titania were used with silver additions of 1, 2, 4, and 8 wt% compared to titania. Nanoparticle deposits were collected by thermophoretic sampling at six different axial distances from the flame torch head: 3, 5, 10, 12, 15, and 20 cm, of which the all but the last one occurred inside the flame. The deposit samples were analysed by TEM and SAED analysis. The powder samples of the particles were also collected by electric precipitator to XPS and specific surface area analysis. Particle size and effective density after the flame in the aerosol were analysed with SMPS and ELPI. The results from the previous studies i.e. controlling the particle size by setting the production rates of the particles were seen to apply also for this binary system. Characterisation of the deposits showed that when the substrate is inserted into the flame, in the beginning of the flame the deposit is formed by gas phase deposition whereas further down the flame the particles are first formed in the gas phase and then deposited. The location of the transition from gas phase deposition to gas phase nucleation prior to deposition depends on chemical/physical properties (e.g. thermodynamics and gas phase interactions) of the precursor, precursor concentration in the flame and also flame temperature profile. Therefore, the deposit collection distance from the burner also affected the collected particle size and degree of agglomeration. The two component deposits were produced in two different ways: one-step method mixing both precursors in the same solute, and two-step method spraying each precursor separately. The particle morphology differs between these two cases. In one-step method the primary (d TEM) and agglomerate particle size (d SMPS) decreased with the amount of silver addition, verifying the fact that when present, the silver has a clear effect on the titania nanoparticle formation and growth.