Super-resolution microscopy via ptychographic structured modulation of a diffuser.

We report a new coherent imaging technique, termed ptychographic structured modulation (PSM), for quantitative super-resolution microscopy. In this technique, we place a thin diffuser (i.e., a scattering lens) in between the sample and the objective lens to modulate the complex light waves from the object. The otherwise inaccessible high-resolution object information can thus be encoded into the captured images. We scan the diffuser to different positions and acquire the corresponding images. A ptychographic phase retrieval process is then used to jointly recover the complex object, the unknown diffuser profile, and the defocus coherent transfer function of the system. Unlike the illumination-based super-resolution approach, the recovered image of our approach depends upon how the complex wavefront exits the sample - not enters it. Therefore, the sample thickness becomes irrelevant during reconstruction. After recovery, we can propagate the super-resolution complex wavefront to any plane along the optical axis. We validate our approach using a resolution target, a quantitative phase target, and biological samples. We demonstrate a 4.5-fold resolution gain over the diffraction limit. We also show that a 4-fold resolution gain can be achieved with as few as 30 images. The reported approach may provide a quantitative super-resolution strategy for coherent light, X-ray, and electron imaging.