Expression and distribution of Trophoblast Glycoprotein in the mouse retina

We recently identified the leucine-rich repeat adhesion protein, trophoblast glycoprotein (TPBG), as a novel PKCα-dependent phosphoprotein in retinal rod bipolar cells (RBCs). Since TPBG has not been thoroughly examined in the retina, this study characterizes the localization and expression patterns of TPBG in the developing and adult mouse retina using two antibodies, one against the N-terminal, leucine-rich domain and the other against the C-terminal PDZ- interacting motif. Both antibodies labeled dendrites and synaptic terminals of RBCs, as well as the cell bodies and dendrites of an uncharacterized class of amacrine cell. In transfected HEK293 cells, TPBG was localized to the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes and was associated with the tips of thin filopodia-like membrane projections. TPBG immunofluorescence in RBCs detected with the C-terminal antibody was strongly dependent on the activity state of the adult retina, with less labeling in dark-adapted compared to light-adapted retina, and less labeling in light-adapted PKCa knockout and TRPM1 knockout retinas compared to wild type, despite no change in total TPBG detected by immunoblotting. These results suggest that the C-terminal epitope is blocked in the dark-adapted and knockout retinas compared to light-adapted wild type retinas, possibly through interaction with a PDZ domain protein. During development, TPBG expression increases dramatically just prior to eye opening with a time course closely correlated with that of TRPM1 expression. In the retina, leucine-rich repeat proteins like TPBG have been implicated in the development and maintenance of functional bipolar cell synapses, and TPBG may play a similar role in RBCs.