Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing of Middle Neolithic Human Remains of Ling-Ding Site II: Implication for the Social Structure and the Origin of Northeast Coast Taiwaneses

There is a consensus that gene flow characterizing modern Mainland Chinese arrived in Taiwan during the last 400 years, mostly from East China. However, primary genetic studies of ancient human remains of the middle Neolithic era, revealing inconsistencies between the archaic genes profile and that of modern Mainland Chinese, raised debates about the time of arrival of modern Chinese in Taiwan. To resolve this problem, this study focuses on the analysis of 3000 years BP human remains excavated from the Neolithic east coast archeological Ling-Ding site II near Hualien in Taiwan. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) recovered from five archeological human remains was analyzed to elucidate their genealogy, and to characterize their genetic relationship with the present-day aboriginal and non-aboriginal people of Taiwan. Five mtDNA haplogroups were characterized from the Ling-Ding site II skeletons, C4a2, N9a1, B4c1b2a, Z, and B4b. Except for mtDNA haplogroups B4c1b2a, commonly seen among the present-day central Taiwan Aborigines and scarce in the heavily sinicised Taiwan western plain tribes, all other haplogroups were common to urban Taiwanese and modern Mainland Chinese. It is proposed that a middle Neolithic gene flow, characterizing Modern Mainland East Asians, was introduced to Taiwan by settlers who reached the East coast of Taiwan in Hualien (Ling- Ding site II) and co-habited with Taiwan Mountain tribe Aborigines. The findings of this study may be relevant for the understanding of the middle Neolithic peopling of Taiwan by non-Austronesian speakers.