Therapeutic and mechanistic approaches of Tridax procumbens flavonoids for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Homeostasis of bone is tightly regulated by the balanced activities between bone resorbing activity of osteoclast cells and bone forming ability of osteoblast cells. Multinucleated osteoclasts degrade bone matrix and involve in the dynamic bone remodelling in coordination with osteoblasts. Disruption of this regulatory balance between these cells or any imbalance in bone remodelling caused by a higher rate of resorption over construction of bone results in a decrease of bone matrix including bone mineral density (BMD). These osteoclast-dominant effects result in higher risk of bone crack and joint demolition in several bone related diseases including osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tridax procumbens is a very interesting perennial plant and its secondary metabolites called here T. procumbens flavonoids (TPFs) are well-known phytochemical agents owing to various therapeutic practices such as anti-inflammatory, anti-anaemic and anti-diabetic actions. This review designed to focus the systematic convention concerning about the medicinal property and mechanism of actions of TPFs for the management of bone-related diseases. Based on the current literature, the review offers evidencebased information of TPFs for basic researchers and clinicians for the prevention and treatment of bone related diseases including osteoporosis. It also emphasizes the medical significance for more research to comprehend the cellular signalling pathways of TPFs for regulation of bone remodelling and discusses the possible promising ethnobotanical resource that can convey the preclinical and clinical clues to develop the next generation therapeutic agents for the treatment of bone-related disorders.