Gross and microscopic hematuria: guidelines for obstetricians and gynecologists.

Although gross hematuria is a relatively uncommon condition in general obstetrics and gynecology practice, microscopic hematuria is a common incidental finding during routine antepartum or gynecologic office visits. The proper evaluation and treatment options are understudied in females. In fact, work-up of females is controversial, and no consensus guidelines exist at this time. Pregnancy increases the number of potential diagnoses. The majority of published literature on hematuria in pregnancy is in the form of case reports, and esoteric diagnoses are disproportionately represented. The purpose of this review is to summarize existing literature regarding the evaluation, differential diagnosis, and treatment of hematuria in women, with special emphasis on pregnancy and the diagnosis and treatment of microscopic hematuria. Target Audience: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians Leaning Objectives: After completion of this article, the reader should be able to identify causes of microscopic hematuria in women, use a logical approach to the evaluation of women with microscopic hematuria, and select appropriate imaging modalities for pregnant and nonpregnant women with microscopic hematuria.