Comparison of calcineurin inhibitors in combination with conventional methotrexate, reduced methotrexate, or mycophenolate mofetil for prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease after umbilical cord blood transplantation

Umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) is a curative treatment for hematological malignancies. However, appropriate prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), aimed at obtaining rapid and stable engraftment and avoiding toxicity, remains controversial in UCBT. We retrospectively compared outcomes in 409 patients who received calcineurin inhibitors (CIs) plus conventional-dose methotrexate (conv-MTX/CIs, n = 77; methotrexate, 10 mg/m2 on day 1, 7 mg/m2 on days 3 and 6) with those who received CIs plus reduced-dose methotrexate (reduced-MTX/CIs, n = 209; methotrexate, 5 mg/m2 or 5 mg/body on days 1, 3, and 6) or CIs with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF/CIs, n = 123) for GVHD prophylaxis after UCBT. The cumulative incidence of neutrophil engraftment was significantly higher in the reduced-MTX/CI (82.3%) and MMF/CI (86.6%) groups than the conv-MTX/CI (71.4%) group (p = 0.014), although there were no differences in platelet recovery or infectious complications among the three groups. The incidence and severity of GVHD were comparable among the three groups, and there were no significant differences in transplantation-related mortality among the three groups. In conclusion, GVHD prophylaxis with reduced-dose methotrexate and MMF was closely associated with high incidence of neutrophil engraftment without an effect on the incidence and severity of GVHD, which was compared to GVHD prophylaxis with conventional-dose methotrexate.