Visual and measured clinical phenotypes: Potential targets for cardiovascular prevention

This article discusses and briefly reviews several visual and measured clinical phenotypes, which include height, birth weight or preterm birth body mass index, index finger to ring finger distance ratio (2D: 4D), earlobe creases, hair graying or whitening, and xanthoma. As modifiable risk factors and non-modifiable clinical phenotypes (NMCPs), these factors are potential targets for cardiovascular prevention in the new era of precision medicine. A novel score method based on modifiable risk factors and NMCPs can help for more precise diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular disease.