Determining the scale at which variation in WUE traits changes population yields

Functional variation is known to influence population yield, but the scale at which this happens is still unknown. Relevant signals might only reach immediate neighbors of a phenotypically diverse plant (neighbor-scale) or conversely may distribute across the population (population-scale). We use Nicotiana attenuata silenced in mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (irMPK4), plants with low water-use efficiency (WUE), to study the scale at which water-use traits alter intraspecific population yields. In the field and glasshouse, populations with low percentages of irMPK4 plants planted among isogenic control plants produced maximum overall growth and yield. Through paired-plant and local-plant-configuration analyses, we determined that this occurred at the population scale. However, we find that this effect was not due to irMPK49s WUE phenotype. With micro-grafting, we additionally show that MPK4 -deficiency may mediate the response at the population-scale: shoot-expressed MPK4 is required for N. attenuata to change yield in response to a neighbor.