Tumour architecture, grade and location remain predictors of non-organ-confined upper tract urothelial carcinoma at time of radical nephroureterectomy: results from a multicenter Norwegian external validation study

Purpose Selecting patients for intensified treatment for upper tract urothelial carcinoma can be challenging, partly due to the lack of accurate preoperative staging tools. Several preoperative staging models for upper tract urothelial carcinoma have been presented, but none have been externally validated. The aim of the current study was to perform an external validation of the Margulis nomogram for predicting non-organ-confined upper tract urothelial carcinoma at time of nephroureterectomy.