Modeling of floating marine litter originated from the Eastern Ionian Sea: Transport, residence time and connectivity

Abstract A Lagrangian particle tracking model coupled to a circulation was used to explore the transport, residence time and connectivity of floating litter that originated from the Eastern Ionian Sea during 2011–2014. At the end of simulations, on average 26% of litter was retained within the coastal waters of the Eastern Ionian Sea, whereas 58% was washed into offshore waters without formulating permanent accumulation areas, as the basin-wide surface circulation was characterized by considerable interannual variability. The inflow of litter into the Adriatic and Eastern Mediterranean Seas was moderate, ranging between 9% and 20%, and the beached litter was on average 9.2%, mostly located in the northern subregions. The average residence time of litter particles ranged between 20 and 80 days, implying their temporary retention before drifting offshore. Connectivity patterns depicted an exchange of litter mainly between adjacent subareas and with a northward direction.