Butyrate Induces Intestinal Sodium Absorption via Sp3-Mediated Transcriptional Up-Regulation of Epithelial Sodium Channels

Background & Aims: The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is the rate-limiting factor for colonic electrogenic sodium absorption. This study aimed to investigate ENaC regulation by butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by intestinal bacteria. Methods: ENaC was examined in HT-29/B6 cells and glucocorticoid receptor(GR)-transfected HT-29/B6 cells (HT-29/B6-GR) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and confocal microscopy. ENaC promoters were investigated by deletion/mutation analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation. Sodium transport of HT-29/B6-GR cells and rat distal colon was quantified in Ussing chambers. Results: Butyrate up-regulated β- and γ-ENaC mRNA expression in HT-29/B6 cells and induced transcription from β- and γ-ENaC promoter constructs. The γ-ENaC promoter could also be induced by the SCFA propionate but not by acetate. Deletion/mutation assays revealed that activation of the γ-ENaC promoter depended on 2 GC boxes, which were shown to bind Sp1 and Sp3 in vitro. Although both transcription factors increased butyrate-mediated γ-ENaC transcription upon overexpression, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that only Sp3 binds to the γ-ENaC promoter in vivo and that Sp3 binding is enhanced by butyrate. Transcriptional ENaC induction by butyrate led to synthesis of γ-ENaC subunits, but correct targeting of ENaC channels to the apical cell membrane was dependent on corticosteroid hormones. Finally, butyrate substantially increased electrogenic sodium absorption via ENaC in the presence of corticosteroid hormones in HT-29/B6-GR cells and in rat distal colon. Conclusions: Concerted action of SCFA and corticosteroid hormones is required for induction of ENaC and maintenance of intestinal electrogenic sodium absorption.