Antimicrobial activities of biosynthesized nanomaterials

Abstract Biological synthesis of nanomaterials aims at minimizing generated waste and implementing sustainable processes. Biosynthesis of nanomaterials using plant extracts is an innovative approach and an economical alternative for physical and chemical methods because the plant extract contains the secondary metabolites with high reducing potential, less toxic and can act as both reducing and stabilizing agent for synthesis of nanomaterials. In this chapter, we have reviewed biosynthesis of nanomaterials using various medicinal plant extract and microorganisms with specific interest on Au, Ag, Cu, Zn and Ti nanoparticles. These metals were selected for the review as they have wider applications. Commonly available medicinal plants were utilized for the synthesis of nanoparticles, hence the issue of raw materials availability can be decreased. Different biological approaches for their synthesis, characterization of physicochemical properties of the products, and environmental applications are addressed. Factors influencing the nanoparticles synthesis are also discussed, hence optimizing the process parameters can be made easy. Among many different potential applications of the biosynthesized nanomaterials, we focused on their use for antimicrobial application and for environmental remediation. Additionally, background information regarding their mechanism of action, green synthesis, and future prospects have also been discussed.