Rotaflip: A New CNN Layer for Regularization and Rotational Invariance in Medical Images.

Regularization in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is usually addressed with dropout layers. However, dropout is sometimes detrimental in the convolutional part of a CNN as it simply sets to zero a percentage of pixels in the feature maps, adding unrepresentative examples during training. Here, we propose a CNN layer that performs regularization by applying random rotations of reflections to a small percentage of feature maps after every convolutional layer. We prove how this concept is beneficial for images with orientational symmetries, such as in medical images, as it provides a certain degree of rotational invariance. We tested this method in two datasets, a patch-based set of histopathology images (PatchCamelyon) to perform classification using a generic DenseNet, and a set of specular microscopy images of the corneal endothelium to perform segmentation using a tailored U-net, improving the performance in both cases.