Blockchain: The operating system of smart cities

Abstract Blockchain is an emerging technology expected to unleash disruptive and transformational forces in many fields. As a decentralized distributed digital ledger, Blockchain technology has the potential to become an underlying operating system that governs the way our cities function in the future. This paper explores the potential of Blockchain as a technology for enabling sustainable future cities and empowering citizen co-creation and participation, promoting civic engagement and achieving Smart Cities' efficiency and transparency objectives. The article first provides background to the Blockchain concept, current and emerging trends in its development, followed by a survey of potential urban applications with particular attention to the domains of governance, transport, supply chain and logistics. Next, the paper presents the challenges that must be overcome to enable widespread adoption and deployment of the technology. The paper is intended for urban researchers and practitioners alike and will be a contribution that can be used by a broad range of stakeholders who wish to understand the disruptive forces of Blockchain, opportunities and potential applications, as well as challenges in the context of Smart Cities.