Age-related changes of the human retinal vessels: possible involvement of lipid peroxidation

Abstract Background Aging of the human retina is accompanied by oxidative stress that exerts profound changes in the retinal neurons. It is unknown if oxidative stress influences the cellular components of the retinal vessels in some ways. Methods We examined changes in retinal vessels in human donor eyes (age: 35-94 years; N = 18) by light and transmission electron microscopy, TUNEL and immunohistochemistry for biomarkers of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC; actin), oxidative stress (4-hydroxy 2-nonenal [HNE] and nitrotyrosine), microglia (Iba-1) and vessels (isolectin B 4 ). Results The earliest changes in the endothelium and pericytes of capillaries are apparent from the seventh decade. With aging, there is clear loss of organelles and cytoplasmic filaments, and a progressive thickening of the endothelial and pericyte basal lamina. Loss of filaments, accumulation of lipofuscin and autophagic vacuoles are significant events in aging pericytes and SMC. Actin immunolabeling reveals discontinuity in arterial SMC layers during eighth decade, indicating partial degeneration of SMC. This is followed by hyalinisation, with degeneration of the endothelium and SMC in arteries and arterioles of the nerve fiber layer (NFL) and ganglion cell layer in ninth decade. Iba-1 positive microglia were in close contact with the damaged vessels in inner retina, and their cytoplasm was rich in lysosomes. HNE immunoreactivity, but not of nitrotyrosine, was detected in aged vessels from seventh decade onwards, suggesting that lipid peroxidation is a major problem of aged vessels. However, TUNEL positivity seen during this period was limited to few arteries and venules of NFL. Conclusion This study shows prominent age-related alterations of the pericytes and SMC of retinal vessels. These changes may limit the energy supply to the neurons and be responsible for age-related loss of neurons of the inner retina.