Horizontal annular flow through orifice studied by X-ray microtomography

An X-ray microtomography (µCT) system was adapted so that 3D scans of fixed horizontal or vertical test sections can be performed. The mobile µCT system has been applied to measure the local, time-averaged volume fraction distribution of developing annular air-water flow in a horizontal pipe with µm spatial resolution. Based on the volume fraction data the liquid film thickness profile is computed and the accumulation, stripping and renewal of the annular liquid film at a circular orifice is studied. The development length of the annular flow downstream of the orifice is evaluated based on the integral volume fraction and the change of the film thickness profile along the pipe axis. Both parameters give a consistent result, indicating that liquid film renewal can be judged based on integral measurement techniques in this case. Further, the detailed 3D data enables the validation of computational fluid dynamics codes based on phase-averaged variables such as the Euler-Euler approach.