Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

As per the Montreal classification, GERD is classified into esophageal or extra-esophageal syndromes. Esophageal syndromes are further subdivided into whether symptoms or esophageal injury are present: (1) symptomatic syndromes, typical reflux syndrome, and reflux chest pain syndrome, and (2) syndromes with esophageal injury, reflux esophagitis, reflux stricture, Barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Extra-esophageal syndromes are divided into established GERD-related conditions and those that are possibly associated: (1) established associations, reflux cough syndrome, reflux laryngitis syndrome, reflux asthma syndrome, and reflux dental erosions syndrome, and (2) proposed associations, pharyngitis, sinusitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and recurrent otitis media. See Fig. 11.1 for a diagram of the Montreal classification of GERD.