Synthetic Zippers as an Enabling Tool for Engineering of Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetases.

Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are the origin of a wide range of natural products, including many clinically used drugs. Efficient engineering of these often-giant biosynthetic machineries to produce novel non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) is an ongoing challenge. Here we describe a cloning and co-expression strategy to functionally combine NRPS fragments of Gram-negative and -positive origin, synthesising novel peptides at titres up to 220 mg l -1 . Extending from the recently introduced definition of e X change  U nits (XUs), we inserted synthetic zippers (SZs) to split single protein NRPSs into independently expressed and translated polypeptide chains. These synthetic type of NRPS (type S) enables easier access to engineering, overcomes cloning limitations, and provides a simple and rapid approach to building peptide libraries via the combination of different NRPS subunits.