Comparisons of Atomic Frequency Standards Speaker/Author

Techniques for comparing frequency standards at the 1x10 -15 level are examined, including the impact of displacements in time and space. The additional uncertainties contributing to the comparison process using current technologies in stable frequency references and in longdistance frequency-transfer techniques are quantified. As an example, the results of two frequency comparisons between a pair of cesium-fountain primary frequency standards are given.