Metabolic disorders: Sex and gender evidence in dyslipidemia, diabetes, and obesity

Abstract Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of mortality in the United States and globally, and produces major health problems and costs. Identification and control of risk factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and excess weight as well as smoking, diet, and low physical activity are essential parts of patient care. This chapter focuses on abnormalities of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides), obesity, and diabetes mellitus, which are interrelated. The focus is on sex and gender differences in prevalence, epidemiology, clinical presentation, clinical management, comorbidities, and prognosis.