Esterification of rapeseed oil fatty acids using a carbon-based heterogeneous acid catalyst derived from cellulose

Abstract The present work demonstrates a single-step preparation of sulfo carbon-based solid acid catalyst (CSO 3 H) obtained from cellulose by direct carbonization–sulfonation with conc. H 2 SO 4 . The variation of reaction conditions, such as, reaction temperature (50–180 °C), weight ratio of H 2 SO 4 to cellulose (5/1–30/1) and reaction time (1–10 h) provided CSO 3 H with relatively abundant density of acid sites attached on catalyst surface. The CSO 3 H with the highest density of SO 3 H groups (0.81 mmol H + /g) was obtained at 100 °C using weight ratio of H 2 SO 4 to cellulose (20/1) after 3 h of reaction. The catalyst was characterized by means of N 2 sorption analysis (average pore diameter 12.8 nm, specific surface area 1.38 m 2 /g, pore volume 0.004 cm 3 /g), FT-IR, TG, XRD, FE-SEM and S elemental analysis. The conversion of rapeseed oil fatty acids (RFA) in esterification reactions with CSO 3 H as catalyst was quite similar to the commercial Amberlyst-15 and the biodiesel with ester content of ≥96.5% was successfully obtained under optimized reaction conditions.