Late-stage groundmass differentiation as a record of magma stagnation, fragmentation, and rewelding

In the 2011 eruption of Shinmoedake of the Kirishima volcano group, sub-Plinian eruptions were followed by lava extrusion with intermittent Vulcanian explosions. The interstices of microlites and relatively large nanolites (> 0.4 nm width) in the groundmass of pyroclasts (“groundmass interstices”) were studied to reveal shallow magmatic processes that lead to different eruption styles. The pumice of the sub-Plinian eruption has the least differentiated groundmass interstices composition. The groundmass interstices of the dense juvenile fragments of the Vulcanian explosions are divided into two groups. The first group is the most differentiated as expected from their lava-like texture, whereas the second group is less differentiated and covers the range of sub-Plinian pumice. The Vulcanian pumice overlaps the dense juvenile fragments despite their high vesicularity. This seemingly contradictory relationship of composition in the interstitial groundmass indicates the clastogenic lava origin of the less-differentiated group of dense juvenile fragments. In contrast, magmas stagnated in the shallow conduit maintained elevated temperature and water content, allowing groundmass interstices to differentiate by microlite growth. These magmas then erupted as pumice in the Vulcanian explosions and were effused as lava that was fragmented by subsequent explosions to be later sampled as a dense juvenile fragment. The groundmass crystallinity increased by 9.1 vol.% in 5–45 days between the sub-Plinian and Vulcanian eruptions, increasing initial melt and magma viscosity from 106.1–7.4 and 107.0–8.3 Pa s to 106.9–8.4 and 108.2–9.7 Pa s, respectively. This viscosity increase by nanolite crystallization could have facilitated the stress fragmentation of conduit magma, leading to Vulcanian explosions. Post-fragmentation expansion of the sub-Plinian pumice could have been suppressed by this viscosity increase, resulting in their low vesicularity. Late-stage groundmass differentiation can thus control shallow magmatic processes.