Nematode-encoded RALF Peptide Mimics Facilitate Parasitism of Plants through the FERONIA Receptor Kinase

Abstract The molecular mechanism by which plants defend against plant root-knot nematodes (RKNs) is largely unknown. Plants encode the receptor kinase FERONIA and its peptide ligands, r apid al kalinization f actors (RALFs), to regulate plant immune responses and cell expansion, which are two important factors for successful RKN parasitism. In this study, mutation of FERONIA in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in plants showing low susceptibility to the RKN Meloidogyne incognita. To identify the underlying mechanisms associated with this phenomenon, we identified eighteen novel RALF-likes from multiple RKNs and confirmed that two RALF-likes (i.e., MiRALF1 and MiRALF3) from M. incognita were expressed in the esophageal gland and had high expression during the parasitic stages of nematode development. These nematode RALF-likes also possess the typical activities of plant RALFs and directly bind to the extracellular domain of FERONIA, modulating specific steps of nematode parasitism related immune responses and cell expansion. Genetically, both MiRALF1/3 and FERONIA are required for RKN parasitism in Arabidopsis and rice. This study suggests that nematode-encoded RALFs facilitate parasitism via plant-encoded FERONIA and provides a novel paradigm for studying host-pathogen interactions.