Tuberculosis in People Living with HIV

Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection occurs throughout the world, and remains a significant challenge to TB control. Both HIV and TB cause immune dysregulation that can result in atypical clinical and radiological presentation, and accelerated disease progression. Outcomes with advanced HIV and TB, therefore, can be poor. Whilst antiretroviral drug therapy is crucial, drug-drug interactions and immune reconstitution disease make treatment difficult. The joint effort of healthcare programmes, non-governmental organisations and civil society are needed to ensure the necessary access to testing, prevention and treatment that can reduce the burden of TB/HIV co-infection.