Untargeted metabolite profiling for koji-fermentative bioprocess unravels the effects of varying substrate types and microbial inocula

Abstract Untargeted metabolomics unraveled the effects of varying substrates (soybean, wheat, and rice) and inocula ( Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ) on metabolite compositions of koji , a starter ingredient in various Asian fermented foods. Multivariate analyses of the hyphenated mass spectrometry datasets for different koji extracts highlighted 61 significantly discriminant primary metabolites (sugars and sugar alcohols, organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleosides, phenolic acids, and vitamins) according to varying substrates and inocula combinations. However, 59 significantly discriminant secondary metabolites were evident for koji -types with varying substrates only, viz. , soybean (flavonoids, soyasaponins, and lysophospholipids), wheat (flavones and lysophospholipids), and rice (flavonoids, fatty acids derivatives, and lysophospholipids). Independently, the substrates influenced primary metabolite compositions in koji (soybean > wheat, rice). The inocula choice of A. oryzae engendered higher carbohydrates, organic acids, and lipid derivative levels commensurate with high α -amylase and β -glucosidase activities, while B. amyloliquefaciens affected higher amino acids levels, in respective koji types.