EU integration in the (post)-migrant-crisis context: learning new integration modes?

This article explores the integration of the European Union (EU) as an institution after the 2015-2016 migrant crisis. Qualitative data from elite interviews in Brussels and policy analysis, in the framework of a bigger project about the impact of the migrant crisis on European integration, highlight learning of the EU about new integration modes as a key theme following the crisis. The article focuses on this theme and argues that EU integration has been happening through intensive learning post-migrant-crisis, whereby the EU has been exploring a combination of certain integration modes: shaping the relationships with candidate countries by restraining from enlargement; shaping the relationships with exiting Member States by considering fuzziness at the borders; exploring differentiation among the existing Member States, possibly through promoting a two-tier EU, instead of universal deepening. A key contribution is in applying the notion ‘learning’ to understanding EU integration modes specifically after the migrant crisis.