Complex Congenital Heart Disease

Abstract Cardiovascular 3D printing is an emerging field that is rapidly becoming an important clinical tool, allowing precise fabrication of life-sized models from magnetic resonance images, computed tomography, and/or echocardiography. These models provide visual and tactile information for a limitless number of cardiovascular pathologies and are especially valuable for patients with congenital heart disease, given their complex anatomies and wide range of physiological manifestations. 3D printed models have been useful in medical education and visualization, percutaneous and surgical preoperative planning and simulation, and testing of cardiovascular devices, while also playing a role in facilitating patient-physician communication. 3D printing has a vast and promising future and will soon revolutionize personalized cardiovascular medicine with rapid progress in material development and 3D bioprinting leading to patient-specific 3D printed implantable devices.