An overview on bacterial resistance to antibiotics, essential drivers to resistance and their extensive threats

Microorganisms are becoming resistant to numerous drugs faster than the development of an alternative or new therapy. Bacteria that were earlier easily denatured or inactivated with available conventional antibiotics currently have become resistant threatening both human and animals’ life. These organisms have become conventional due to their modes of acquisition of drug-resistant and as a consequence of gene mutations and transfer of resistant genes through gene swapping. The existence of antibiotics in the environment has enhanced selective pressure where the drug-resistant strains continue multiplying. Both high and lower antibiotic doses contribute to bacterial resistance. In most cases, resistance to a certain drug from a specific class leads to resistance to all other drugs in the same class. The resistance is further increased by bacteria releasing enzymes that deactivate the drugs, the efflux pump, and modification of the cell wall or alteration of the drug target site. Major factors that drive to drug-resistant microbes are : the misuse of the drugs by the patients, improper drug description, and swapping of the resistant genes between the bacteria. It is, therefore, important to understand the various ways of bacterial resistances as well as the drivers involved to raise their spread. Appropriate prevention and control measures can be implemented to limit the spread of these drug resistance bacteria.