Cushing's disease with pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection in a single center in Beijing, China: A retrospective study and literature review

Background Patients with Cushing's disease (CD) with hypercortisolism have an increased risk of opportunistic infection. However, most CD patients exposed to infections are diagnostic latency, leading to a poor prognosis. Methods Six patients in our hospital and an additional six patients in the literature were included in this study. Clinical information of CD patients with pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans are reviewed. Results The average baseline total cortisol and ACTH in serum at 8 am of all the patients was 44.85 μg/dL (normal range 4.0–22.3 μg/dL) and 200.3 pg/mL (normal range 0–46 pg/mL), respectively. Lymphopenia was found in 2 out of 6 patients in our hospital. The pulmonary radiologic findings included nodules (4/12), masses with or without a cavity (5/12), infiltration (5/12), and consolidation (4/12). The diagnosis of C . neoformans was established by lung pathology results (7/12), microorganism culture (3/12), and serum cryptococcal polysaccharide antigen (4/12). Lung lobectomy was performed in two patients who had a nodule in one lung lobe. Antifungal drugs were administered, including amphotericin-B (7/12), fluconazole (4/12), flucytosine (2/12) and liposomal amphotericin (1/12). Additional therapies for CD included trans-sphenoidal pituitary adenoma surgery (9/12), adrenalectomy (1/12) and ketoconazole (2/12). Seven patients survived, and five patients died. Conclusion Pulmonary C . neoformans is an uncommon but fatal opportunistic infection in CD patients. Pulmonary nodules or masses should be aggressively investigated to exclude the C . neoformans among CD patients. The infiltration lesions in chest CT scan and lymphopenia are associated with poor prognosis.