Computational modelling of muscle, tendon, and ligaments biomechanics

Abstract Muscle models are used in basic research to understand the physical mechanisms of muscle contraction, and in applied research for investigating movements. The structure and biomechanical function of half-sarcomeres, tendon, and aponeurosis govern the whole muscle's force production. This chapter emphasizes fundamental biophysical mechanisms within half-sarcomeres, as in general the quality of muscle model predictions, be they one- or three-dimensional, depends on the description of these force generators. Additionally, important elements of 3D muscle architecture will be presented and the impact of geometrical changes on muscle force generation during contraction will be explained. Existing 3D muscle modelling approaches and their validation will be discussed.