Dark Clouds and Silver Linings: Impact of COVID-19 on Internet Users’ Privacy

Objectives: To examine the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the extent of potential violations of Internet users’ privacy. Materials and Methos: We conducted a longitudinal study of the data sharing practices of the top 1,000 websites in the US between April 9th and August 27th, 2020. We fitted a conditional latent growth curve model on the data to examine the longitudinal trajectory of the third-party data sharing over the 21 weeks period of the study and examine how website characteristics affect this trajectory. Results: As the weekly number of COVID-19 deaths increased by 1,000, the average number of third parties increased by 0.26 [95%CI, 0.15 to 0.37] P<.001 units in the next week. This effect was more pronounced for websites with higher traffic as they increased their third parties by an additional 0.41 [95% CI, 0.18 to 0.64]; P<.001 units per week. However, privacy respecting websites that experienced a surge in traffic reduced their third parties by 1.01 [95% CI, -2.01 to 0]; P = 0.05 units per week in response to every 1,000 COVID-19 deaths in the preceding week. Discussion: While in general websites shared their users’ data with more third parties as COVID-19 progressed in the US, websites’ expected traffic and respect for users’ privacy significantly affect such trajectory. Conclusions: Attention should also be paid to the impact of the pandemic on elevating online privacy threats, and the variation in third-party tracking among different types of websites.