High-resolution, three-dimensional, and contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic findings in diseases of the eye

Abstract Objectives To review the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and 3D ultrasound findings (3D-US) in various pathologies involving the eye and orbit and to compare them with high-resolution US (HRUS) findings. Background CEUS is a valid diagnostic tool for study several districts. There are numerous pathological conditions of the eye in which CEUS can be very helpful or detrimental. Image Findings We review a wide range of ocular lesions, traumatic (retinal and choroidal detachments) and malignant (choroidal melanoma, tumors inside and outside the muscle cone) evaluated alternatively with CEUS and 3D and compare these findings with those obtained with HRUS. Dysthyroid orbitopathy is not included in this review. Conclusion CEUS plays a central role in the differentiation of detached retina (vascular) and vitreous membranes (avascular). It is also helpful in the assessment of tumor of the eye, in planning treatment for choroidal melanoma, and in assessing orbital masses for neovascularization. HRUS is highly effective in the detection of traumatic and non-traumatic lesions of the eye, but it is less effective for the assessment of orbital lesions. The 3D module has increased the diagnostic value of CEUS. CEUS is cost-effective and can be used when CT and MR cannot be performed.