Human oral microbiota and its modulation for oral health

Abstract The oral microbiome is an important part of the human microbiome. The oral cavity contains several significantly different niches with distinct microbial communities. A wide range of microorganisms inhabit the human oral cavity, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protozoa. These microorganisms form a complex ecological community that influences oral and systemic health. The most prevalent oral diseases, dental caries and periodontal diseases, are microbiota-associated diseases. Moreover, increasing evidences have supported that many systemic diseases are associated with disturbances in the oral ecosystem, such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and tumors. The current control of dental plaque-related diseases is nonspecific and is centered on the removal of plaque by mechanical means. Due to this realization about the oral microbiome, several new methods based on the modulation of the microbiome that aim at maintaining and reestablishing a healthy oral ecosystem have been developed.