Cadmium induces CCL2 production in glioblastoma cells via activation of MAPK, PI3K, and PKC pathways.

Cadmium (Cd) is accumulated in human astrocytes and induces the production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. Astrocytes are one of the major sources of chemokine C–C motif ligand 2 (CCL2; known as mo...