61 – Development of the Stress Axis: Maternal and Environmental Influences

Through all stages of life, the function of the central nervous system is shaped by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. As such, the extent to which HPA function is modified during sensitive periods of development has lifelong consequences for the individual. Here we describe fetal and neonatal development of the HPA axis and how maternal physiology and maternal behavior moderate this development. The specific factors discussed are the consequences to the developing fetus and neonate of elevations in maternal glucocorticoids through her experience of stress, of variation in maternal diet and nutrition, and of variations in naturally occurring maternal care and neglect. Also discussed is the lasting impact of altered perinatal development for the animal in later stages of life and for its offspring (intergenerational effects). Lastly, development of the HPA axis is considered with respect to windows of vulnerability for mental pathologies and metabolic disorders in adulthood.