Visualization of granzyme B-expressing CD8 T cells during primary and secondary immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes

Summary CD8 T cells contribute to long-term protection against Listeria monocytogenes infection by differentiating into memory T cells. These rapidly respond to antigen or inflammation upon secondary infection. In this study we used CD8 T cells from OT1 mice and CD4 T cells from OT2 mice expressing a fluorescent chimeric granzyme (GZMB-Tom) protein to monitor the primary response to infection with ovalbumin-expressing L. monocytogenes (Lm-OVA). We show that, unlike poorly responding CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells readily proliferated and expressed high levels of GZMB-Tom as early as 2 days after infection. FACS analysis showed GZMB-Tom expression in undivided CD8 T cells, with its level increasing over one to four divisions. OT1 T cells were visualized in the T-cell zone by confocal microscopy. This showed GZMB-Tom-containing granules oriented towards MHCII-positive cells. Twenty hours later, most OT1 T cells had divided but their level of GZMB-Tom expression was reduced. Recently divided OT1 cells failed to express GZMB-Tom. Fourteen hours after secondary infection, GZMB-Tom was re-expressed in memory OT1 T cells responding either to Lm-OVA or L. monocytogenes. Differences in the activation phenotype and in the splenic distribution of OT1 T cells were observed, depending on the challenge. Notably, OTI T cells with polarized granules were only observed after challenge with cognate antigen. This work showed that the GZMB-Tom knock-in mice in which GZMB-Tom faithfully reproduced GZMB expression, provide useful tools to dissect mechanisms leading to the development of anti-bacterial effector and memory CD8 T cells and reactivation of the memory response to cognate antigen or inflammatory signals.